Summary: Nicotine addiction remains one of the most significant public health problems worldwide, contributing to numerous cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as cancers, and resulting in significant social and economic costs. The aim of this article is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of nicotine addiction, the epidemiology of smoking, and methods for diagnosing and treating tobacco dependence. The history of the spread of tobacco products, the composition and toxicity of tobacco smoke, and the health consequences of active and passive smoking are discussed. The epidemiology of smoking worldwide and in Poland is presented, with attention drawn to the growing popularity of e-cigarettes among young people. The neurobiological basis of nicotine addiction and the chronic, relapsing nature of the disease were characterized. The transtheoretical model of behavior change, methods for assessing readiness to quit smoking, level of motivation, and degree of addiction using the Schneider and Fagerström questionnaires were described in detail. The therapeutic section discusses non-pharmacological approaches, including minimal intervention based on the 5×A principle, counseling, and behavioral support. Pharmacotherapy options were also presented: nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, cytisine, and varenicline, along with their indications and limitations. The importance of individualizing therapy, providing regular patient support, and accepting relapses as a natural part of the recovery process was emphasized.